NAD+ — Molecular Biology, Metabolic Function, and the Science of Longevity

Nicotinamide Riboside is a form of Vitamin B3 and the most direct and bioavailable precursor to NAD+. NR is phosphorylated by NR kinases (NRK1/2) to form NMN, which is then converted to NAD+. Unlike other precursors, NR bypasses the rate-limiting NAMPT step, making it highly efficient at restoring intracellular NAD+ levels.

Clinical evidence:

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial demonstrated that oral NR supplementation safely and dose-dependently increases whole-blood NAD+ and related metabolites in healthy middle-aged adults. (Trammel et al., Cell Metabolism, 2016)

Nicotinamide (NAM) is a form of Vitamin B3 that enters the NAD+ salvage pathway via NAMPT (Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase). It serves as both an NAD+ precursor and a regulator of PARP and Sirtuin activity, contributing to DNA repair and cellular protection. Combined with NR, Nicotinamide provides complementary pathway coverage for comprehensive NAD+ support.

Quercetin is a flavonoid with established senolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In its standard form, quercetin has low bioavailability due to poor solubility. The Phytosome formulation (complexed with phosphatidylcholine) dramatically increases absorption. Quercetin targets and eliminates senescent ("zombie") cells that accumulate with age, secrete pro-inflammatory signals (SASP), and consume NAD+. It also activates SIRT1 and modulates CD38 activity.

Clinical evidence:

A human pharmacokinetic study confirmed that Quercetin Phytosome (QUERCEFIT™) achieves significantly higher plasma concentrations than unformulated quercetin in healthy volunteers. (Riva et al., Nutrients, 2019)

Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in grape skin and certain plants, known primarily as a direct activator of SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1). By activating SIRT1, Trans-Resveratrol amplifies the downstream effects of elevated NAD+ — including enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, improved insulin sensitivity, and regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression via NF-κB pathway inhibition. Trans-Resveratrol also has direct cardiovascular protective effects through eNOS activation and LDL oxidation reduction.

Mitopure® is the only clinically validated, pure form of Urolithin A — a postbiotic produced from ellagitannins found in pomegranates and walnuts. Urolithin A is the most extensively studied mitophagy activator in humans. Mitophagy is the selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria — a cellular quality control mechanism that declines significantly with age and is central to the development of age-related metabolic dysfunction.

Clinical evidence:

The ATLAS randomised controlled trial demonstrated that Mitopure® supplementation significantly improved muscle strength (grip strength +12%, leg strength), aerobic endurance (VO2 peak), and biomarkers of mitochondrial function in healthy middle-aged adults. This was the first human RCT demonstrating mitophagy induction by a food-derived compound. (Liu et al., JAMA Network Open, 2022)

Senactiv™ is a patented, standardised extract of Panax notoginseng and Rosa roxburghii, developed by NuLiv Science. It targets senescent cells in muscle tissue — aged cells that no longer function properly but resist apoptosis and secrete inflammatory signals that impair tissue regeneration and NAD+ metabolism. By promoting the clearance of senescent cells and regenerating healthy satellite cells, Senactiv™ supports cellular renewal, exercise recovery, and sustained energy production.

Clinical evidence:

Four independent human clinical studies published in PLOS One and the Journal of Ginseng Research demonstrated a 20% increase in endurance time at high-intensity exercise and measurable senescent cell clearance in muscle biopsies.